be the position of both the Roman Catholic Church and the newly formed Protestant groups in the era after the Reformation. Around the time of the seventeenth century, though, the concept of a future restoration of Israel began to be reconsidered by some in the Reformed church. Willem VanGemeren notes that, “instead of a fixed position on Israel, Reformed theology shows a remarkable ‘fluidity’ on the future of Israel in the seventeenth to the nineteenth centuries.”23 Voetius (1609–1676) hoped for